绿洲农田三叶草夜蛾的种群动态及交配特征

三叶草夜蛾Scotogramma trifolii Rottemberg是一种多食性的害虫,其在农田生态系统中的种群动态及交配情况尚不清楚。本试验在库尔勒地区连续3年(2013-2015年4-9月)利用智能虫情测报灯监测了三叶草夜蛾的种群动态,并在实验室解剖雌蛾体内精包,评估野外雌蛾的交配情况。研究表明不同年际间相同月份其种群数量变化趋势相同,即每年的4月中下旬、6月中下旬和7月下旬均会出现三叶草夜蛾的种群高峰期;而相同年际内不同月份三叶草夜蛾的种群数量存在变异。解剖数据表明了三叶草夜蛾交配频率平均达到2.7次/头以上,同一年份内和不同年际间均存在一定比例的未成功交配雌蛾,其成功交配比例在55.56%~97.37%,2013年和2015年的成功交配比率较低,低于60%,而2014年的成功交配率却高于80%。通过本研究初步明确了野外三叶草夜蛾交配特征和种群动态,为绿洲农田三叶草夜蛾的综合防治提供了科学依据。     

Rhizobial polysaccharide-degrading enzymes from roots of legumes

The surface structure and chemistry of symbiotic bacteria from the genus Rhizobium are probably important for the outcome of the infection of legume hosts. Exopolysaccharide, capsular polysaccharide, lipopolysaccharide and a low-molecular-weight polysaccharide were isolated from R. trifolii UTC 110-1 and R. leguminosarum UTC 114-5 and partially characterized. No or only minor differences in sugar composition could be found for the corresponding fractions from the two organisms. A general method to measure low activities of polymer-degrading enzymes was developed, and used to determine enzyme activities in root extracts of Trifolium repens L. cv. Lena and Pisum xativiini L. cv. Little Marvel against the isolated rhizobial polysaccharides. An enzyme preparation from T. repens partially degraded all polysaccharides isolated from its symbiont R. trifolii while polysaccharides from R. leguminosarum , symbiont of P. sativum , were degraded to a much lesser extent. Correspondingly, an enzyme preparation from P. sativum degraded all polysaccharides isolated from both its symbiont R. leguminosarum and its non-symbiont R. trifolii. The amount of symbiont polysaccharides degraded was larger than the amount of polysaccharides degraded from the non-symbiont R. trifolii.     

三叶草斑潜蝇的入侵、鉴定及在中国适生区分析

介绍了2005年12月首次发现入侵中国大陆的三叶草斑潜蝇Liriomyzatrifolii(Burgess)的形态特征及其与近缘种的形态区别、入侵历史与危害性;利用GARP生态位模型对三叶草斑潜蝇在中国的潜在适生区进行了分析预测,结果表明该虫在中国的潜在适生区涉及范围广,以东部地区的最适宜潜在适生区为主,它的潜在适生区涵盖了热带、亚热带和暖温带等3种气候类型;依据中国大陆目前的发生情况提出对该种入侵害虫的监测方法与防控建议。     

Biocontrol agents against the leafminer,Liriomyza trifolii in faba bean fields

Effect of entomopathogenic fungi formulations, Beauveria bassiana, Verticillium lecanii, Metarhizium anisopliae and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, in controlling Liriomyza trifolii (Burg.) (Diptera: Agromyzidae), compared with botanical insecticide, Nimbecidine against L. trifolii was studied. Investigated compounds were applied twice at 15?days interval between sprays. The percentage reduction in larvae population and crop yield was estimated. Results showed that M. anisopliae was the most efficient compound among the other entomopathogenic fungi. Also, there were no significant differences between Nimbecidine and Bio-Magic (M. anisopliae). However, Nimbecidine and Bio-Magic caused 69.9 and 68.9% reduction in live larvae population after two applications. Also, Nimbecidine and Bio-Magic plots achieved 14.7 and 10.0?kg dry weight seeds/100 plants, respectively, compared to 5.7?kg dry weight seeds/100 plants in control plots. Nimbecidine and Bio-Magic were considered promising compounds in controlling L. trifolii and it could be exploitation in the integrated pest management programme of faba bean crop.     

Importance of plant extract formulations in managing different pests attacking beans in new reclaimed area and under storage conditions

Field evaluation of some botanical formulations like Neem Azal T/S, Neem Azal T/S + TS/fort and petroleum ether extract of Curcuma longa for the management of different pests attacking broad bean crop in a new reclaimed area at El- Noubaria and under storage conditions has been carried out. All tested formulations could be considered efficient in controlling Aphis craccivora infesting broad bean under field conditions. As to the leafminer, the number of living Liriomyza trifolii larvae decreased significantly compared to non-treated control. The number of living larvae continued to decrease until seven days post-treatment after which an increase in their number was noticed after 14 days post-treatment. Neem Azal T/S + additive (TS/fort) ranked first in comparison to other treatments for the control of aphids and leafminers attacking broad bean in the field either by killing, deterrent or antifeedant effect. The yield of treated crop increased significantly in comparison to the control. Another spray was used before harvesting the crop with the same formulations for protection of the stored crop. Neem Azal T/S with adjuvant (TS/fort) protected broad bean seeds from weevil attack for one year. Petroleum ether extract of C. longa could protect the stored crops for two months only. The percentage weight loss in one kg stored seeds treated in the field with Neem formulation + adjuvant was very small compared with those seeds treated with petroleum ether extract of C. longa and control.     

Functional response of a parasitoid Ganaspidium utilis （Hymenoptera： Eucoilidae） on the leafminer Liriomyza trifolii （Diptera： Agromyzidae）

Functional response of a solitary, larval-pupal endoparasitoid of Liriomyza leafminers, Ganaspidium utilis Beardsley, was estimated on Liriomyza trifolii Burgess at three temperatures （17℃, 25℃, 29℃ ） and host densities. A type Ⅱ random parasitoid equation （RPE） was used to estimate instantaneous search rate and handling time. The instantaneous search rate increased as temperature increased. All of the RPE regressions obtained for functional response of G. utilis at different temperatures were significant （P〈0.01）. The slope of RPE regression lines was lower across the temperatures. At 29±2℃, the maximum number of larvae parasitized was 7.8 per day. It decreased to 7.2 larvae parasitized at 25±2℃. At 17±2℃, no significant increment of parasitization was observed due to the host density increments. The estimated handling time was lowest at 17±2℃ and highest at 25 ± 2℃, respectively. The ability of G. utilis to find and parasitize L. trifolii over a wide range of temperatures makes them a good candidate for biological control of Liriomyza leafminers.     

三叶斑潜蝇幼虫种群空间格局及抽样技术研究

三叶斑潜蝇Liriomyza trifolii是我国重要的园艺及蔬菜害虫,研究三叶斑潜蝇种群的空间格局和抽样技术,可为该虫的危害调查与防治提供理论依据。应用Iwao m*-m回归分析法、Taylor的幂法则及6个聚集指标,对三叶斑潜蝇幼虫在番茄和豇豆上的空间分布型和抽样技术进行了研究,并做了影响因素分析。结果表明:三叶斑潜蝇幼虫在番茄和豇豆上均呈聚集分布,分布的基本成分是以个体群形式存在,通过分布型参数,采用Kc法、Iwao法及Taylor幂法计算出了在不同精度下三叶斑潜蝇田间的理论抽样数。     

Effect of nitrogen supply on frost resistance, nitrogen metabolism and carbohydrate content in white clover (Trifolium repens)

Effects of mineral nitrogen (2, 4, 6 and 8 m M NH₄NO₃) and nodulation with Rhizobium on frost hardiness in seedlings of white clover ( Trifolium repens ) have been studied. Seedlings of a population from Bodø (67°N lat.) were grown in Leonard jars under controlled conditions in a phytotron. For induction of frost hardening, plants were first exposed to 12 h photoperiod conditions for 2 weeks at 18°C, then for 2 weeks at 6°C and finally for 2 weeks at 0.5°C. Frost hardiness after treatments at 6 and 0.5°C was significantly enhanced by increasing nitrogen supply and was positively correlated with total nitrogen content of the stolons. Frost hardiness of nodulated plants correlated to the tissue nitrogen concentration. Content of soluble proteins in stolons decreased during hardening at 6°C but did not change during treatment at 0.5°C. There were minor changes in total amount of free amino acids during hardening. Both absolute and relative amounts of proline and arginine increased, and those of asparagine decreased during hardening. Absolute amounts of all free amino acids increased with increasing nitrogen supply, but the changes during hardening were similar in all treatments. There was a significant increase in the content of soluble carbohydrates during hardening. However, this increase was inversely related to nitrogen supply.     

Effect of meteorological variates on persistence of primary conidia and capilliconidia of Erynia radicans (Zygomycotin: ntomophthorales) under natural conditions

Persistence of conidia of an isolate of Erynia radicans (Syn. Zoophthora radicans) was investigated in relation to the meteorological conditions which occurred during autumn-winter of 1990–91 in the coastal plain in Israel. Capilljconidia shielded from the sun, placed on the abaxial surface of leaves of Plumeria acuminata, persisted for 24 h to at least 120 h. Exposed capilliconidia, placed on the adaxial surface of the same leaves, died within 24 h. Almost all the primary conidia shielded from the sun (placed on the abaxial surface of the same leaves) died within a single day. Conidial viability was expressed in subsequent germination on an agar medium. Capilliconidial persistence was closely related to the daily air temperatures, expressed as cumulative day-degrees. Differences in relative humidity had no substantial effect on capilliconidial mortality. At daytime temperatures of ≤ 20°C, mortality after 24 h incubation was lowest (≤ 34%) and the persistence duration, longest (at least 120 h). Increases in daytime temperature up to 24°C for a few hours increased mortality (37–57% after 24 h incubation) and shortened the persistence duration (72–120 h). Exposure to 24–29°C during daytime greatly increased mortality (65–58% after 24 h) and further shortened the persistence duration (24–48 h). Daytime temperatures of > 29°C were lethal to all capilliconidia within 24 h. Temperature had a profound effect on capilliconidial persistence also under controlled environmental conditions. The significance of capiliiconidial persistence is discussed in relation to activity of the fungus in its natural environment.